The dukduk and tubuan are part of traditional Tolai culture. The Dukduk society uses male (duk duk) and female (tubuan) masks. Both types are cone-shaped and are constructed of cane and fibre. Traditionally the duk duk was taller than the tubuan and was faceless. The tubuan had circular eyes and a crescent-shaped mouth painted on a dark background. Both masks had short, bushy capes of leaves.

Note 1 - In 1994, a large eruption on Mt Tavurvur and the nearby Vulcan peak destroyed much of Rabaul, covering the airport and much of the town with ash, and forcing the construction of a new capital, Kokopo, 20 kilometres away. Rabaul airport is now located at Tokua across the harbour from Rabaul.